"The Case Against Breast-Feeding"
Mar. 17th, 2009 03:17 pm![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
theatokosThe recent Atlantic article on breastfeeding annoys me to no end, and yet raises some really good questions about our culture, breastfeeding and feminism. Loosely, the author is a breastfeeding mother of 3 who says that breastfeeding is considered the ultimate linch-pin in being a good mother among pretentious middle class mothers, is not as amazing as science headlines and breastfeeding advocates would have us believe, and is, when she gets right down to it, annoying. But she's going to keep breastfeeding her last child. There's something obnoxious about the tone of this article, even though I think she captures the ambivalence that I, and I'm guessing many other modern women, experience being a bio mother.
Being pregnant, giving birth, recovering from those activities and breastfeeding is hands down the craziest thing I've ever done physically, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually. Had I been a career woman I think my life would have been even more shaken up. Being pregnant is HARD WORK. My god, I've never been so holistically exhausted in all my life. The sleep deprivation doesn't hold a candle. Gaining 37 pounds in 7 months, growing a living human being and another organ (the placenta), giving birth naturally, losing liters of water and some blood too, then breast feeding on demand and pumping for a little being that is doubling in size so rapidly is voluntary madness. It's inconveniencing, ugly, messy, tiring, awkward, and aging. Not exactly the keys to a fast moving career, rich intellectual life, hot sex or happening social life.
Plenty of times I have resented my son's physical dependence on me, either when he was in the womb or since he's been out in the world. Adam is still his hot youthful self. Almost 10 months out I still can't wear anything I owned before I got pregnant, my shape is different and more matronly, I have more grey hair and I look tired - a lot. Only until recently I could not spend more than 2 hours away from Bennett. Adam got to go to his weekly volleyball games and bike to work. He could go out with friends and keep more or less his regular schedule. Of course Adam helped. In the first few months Adam spent many, many hours walking a crying (but not hungry) baby in the dark of the night. He encourages me to get out by myself as often as I can. But the baby prefers mama and boob. I felt house and baby bound.
Pumping is not much better of an option. The clumsy paraphernalia, the difficulty of finding comfortable privacy when out and about, the feeling like a cow, my own personal struggle with not being able to pump all that much (despite oatmeal, teas, massaging and thinking of the baby) - all these things sap the desire to pump extra milk for those times when a bottle will be necessary.
These complaints come from a woman who is able-bodied, in excellent health and physical fitness, with health care, a supportive partner and a flexible, supportive work place. All of this and frankly, 8 times out of 10 formula would have been a lot easier and allowed for more sleep. (There are times when being able to just pop a boob in the mouth has made many situations easier, mostly when out at events.) I do see the allure of being a formula family by choice.
Let's be real. Cesarean birth and formula are wonderful things that I'm grateful exist. Because of these two things so many more babies are in the world and thriving, so many more mothers have had safe births and have been able to feed their children. There are many many reasons for being a formula family. What if I was a single mother? Working two jobs? Working a blue collar job with no place to pump? What if I couldn't produce milk? Or the baby wasn't latching and I didn't know about or had no access to breast feeding support?
All of this is but a preamble. Being a mother is hard. And the Atlantic article mentions all of my concerns above. Including, what if I didn't want to curtail my career? What if I just didn't want to breastfeed? Why should I have take this on too, after carrying a child in my body and then giving birth? Is it really worth it? Are all those studies accurate that claim breastfeeding is best?
The article mentions the flaws in many of scientific "breast is best" studies, namely that no study has thus far been able to tell women exactly what to feed their babies and therefore have a 50-50 pure breast/formula control study, and that those women who choose to breastfeed their babies tend to be white, well educated, better off women. Naturally, those babies tend to be healthier and smarter. What I haven't seen mentioned is whether what those mothers consumed in order to produce their breast milk has any impact on the quality of the breast milk. My gut tells me it should and that higher quality foods and nutrition would make for healthier, more nutritious breast milk. I also don't understand why poorer women tend to formula feed. Is it really because their work schedules or environments hinder it? Because formula is *really* expensive. Breast milk is free.
I think this article hits at a couple of issues that go beyond snotty judgmental mothers looking askance at formula feeding mothers. The first is that motherhood is devalued in liberal, Atlantic-reading circles, often devalued by women, and also falsely praised in more "conservative" circles - all boiling down to the fact that in the patriarchy (yup, I used the P word) there is no place for mothering and that masculinity remains the norm. Men can keep right on going and if we women want to keep up, well don't get knocked up, fat, tired or leaky. There's no room for men who want to be family oriented either. Our culture praises the family but makes no room for tangible support for families - our health insurance is gift if we've got it, two good incomes are needed these days in order to afford a home, a car, or higher education, time off or flexible schedules are hard to come by, and let's not even bring up the problem of finding positive affordable child care. Not to mention the dearth of women's health support for natural child birth, post-partum physical and mental health concerns, or breast feeding support.
The second issue I see is a reliance on corporations and medical establishments (hey look! it's the patriarchy again!) to dictate to woman what is best for us and our bodies. Do I want to be feeding my child mass produced food from a can? I eat very little mass produced food myself, why would I want that for my child? Why pay rich white men to feed my baby if I don't have to?
The third issue is that I see a negation of our physical lives in choosing cesareans and formula feeding. Some women don't want to push, or go through the scary, uncertain and messy experience of birth, some don't want to have a living creature sucking on their nipples all the time, or to deal with leaky, sticky milk. But this is what female bodies can do. Bodies are messy. Sex is messy, wet, sweaty and often not as great as we make it out to be. I think the most extreme view of this sort of world is one where we stay fit by liposuction, healthy via pills, eat our food from packets, conceive via test tubes, birth via cesarean (or skip gestating all together and have pods!), and feed babies via a bottle of mass produced formula. This is a sterile, bleak extreme, sure. And I certainly don't long for the days of yore when women died in childbirth, doctors spread disease because no one knew to wash their hands, we had to hunt down our dinner or do back-breaking work in order to survive. I do think hard work, sweat, and human touch - the mess of life- are vitally important to our lives - not as a society only, but to us as individuals. It's actually body affirming to grow and support another living being.
As a feminist shouldn't I want to be more equal to men and freed up for more of my work in the world? If I wanted less mess then I never should have gotten pregnant in the first place, nor even decided to become a mother. But the issue for feminists should never be wanting to be more like a man. Why should I capitulate to a system that at best can only begrudgingly accept my mothering body? What's most disturbing to me is the lack of support that women show one another. It's hard for me to get excited about non-natural birthing, non-breastfeeding choices. I do think those things are best. But making blanket exclusions without knowing another woman's story is silencing. In some ways it's internalizing the policing of the patriarchy. I admit I don't know how reconcile my support for women's autonomy and choice with the reality that many women will choose things that I think aren't best or at worst are the very things that the patriarchy would like them to choose.
But back to the Atlantic article. The author basically says she thinks formula feeding is best for the modern woman and ends the article saying she's going to keep breastfeeding because she'd miss the closeness from snuggling her baby so much if she were to stop. As if this form of attachment, tenderness and intimacy is something to be apologized for, a weakness. If she were a stronger woman she'd formula feed. Basically, if she was a good pawn in the patriarchy she'd formula feed.
Being pregnant, giving birth, recovering from those activities and breastfeeding is hands down the craziest thing I've ever done physically, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually. Had I been a career woman I think my life would have been even more shaken up. Being pregnant is HARD WORK. My god, I've never been so holistically exhausted in all my life. The sleep deprivation doesn't hold a candle. Gaining 37 pounds in 7 months, growing a living human being and another organ (the placenta), giving birth naturally, losing liters of water and some blood too, then breast feeding on demand and pumping for a little being that is doubling in size so rapidly is voluntary madness. It's inconveniencing, ugly, messy, tiring, awkward, and aging. Not exactly the keys to a fast moving career, rich intellectual life, hot sex or happening social life.
Plenty of times I have resented my son's physical dependence on me, either when he was in the womb or since he's been out in the world. Adam is still his hot youthful self. Almost 10 months out I still can't wear anything I owned before I got pregnant, my shape is different and more matronly, I have more grey hair and I look tired - a lot. Only until recently I could not spend more than 2 hours away from Bennett. Adam got to go to his weekly volleyball games and bike to work. He could go out with friends and keep more or less his regular schedule. Of course Adam helped. In the first few months Adam spent many, many hours walking a crying (but not hungry) baby in the dark of the night. He encourages me to get out by myself as often as I can. But the baby prefers mama and boob. I felt house and baby bound.
Pumping is not much better of an option. The clumsy paraphernalia, the difficulty of finding comfortable privacy when out and about, the feeling like a cow, my own personal struggle with not being able to pump all that much (despite oatmeal, teas, massaging and thinking of the baby) - all these things sap the desire to pump extra milk for those times when a bottle will be necessary.
These complaints come from a woman who is able-bodied, in excellent health and physical fitness, with health care, a supportive partner and a flexible, supportive work place. All of this and frankly, 8 times out of 10 formula would have been a lot easier and allowed for more sleep. (There are times when being able to just pop a boob in the mouth has made many situations easier, mostly when out at events.) I do see the allure of being a formula family by choice.
Let's be real. Cesarean birth and formula are wonderful things that I'm grateful exist. Because of these two things so many more babies are in the world and thriving, so many more mothers have had safe births and have been able to feed their children. There are many many reasons for being a formula family. What if I was a single mother? Working two jobs? Working a blue collar job with no place to pump? What if I couldn't produce milk? Or the baby wasn't latching and I didn't know about or had no access to breast feeding support?
All of this is but a preamble. Being a mother is hard. And the Atlantic article mentions all of my concerns above. Including, what if I didn't want to curtail my career? What if I just didn't want to breastfeed? Why should I have take this on too, after carrying a child in my body and then giving birth? Is it really worth it? Are all those studies accurate that claim breastfeeding is best?
The article mentions the flaws in many of scientific "breast is best" studies, namely that no study has thus far been able to tell women exactly what to feed their babies and therefore have a 50-50 pure breast/formula control study, and that those women who choose to breastfeed their babies tend to be white, well educated, better off women. Naturally, those babies tend to be healthier and smarter. What I haven't seen mentioned is whether what those mothers consumed in order to produce their breast milk has any impact on the quality of the breast milk. My gut tells me it should and that higher quality foods and nutrition would make for healthier, more nutritious breast milk. I also don't understand why poorer women tend to formula feed. Is it really because their work schedules or environments hinder it? Because formula is *really* expensive. Breast milk is free.
I think this article hits at a couple of issues that go beyond snotty judgmental mothers looking askance at formula feeding mothers. The first is that motherhood is devalued in liberal, Atlantic-reading circles, often devalued by women, and also falsely praised in more "conservative" circles - all boiling down to the fact that in the patriarchy (yup, I used the P word) there is no place for mothering and that masculinity remains the norm. Men can keep right on going and if we women want to keep up, well don't get knocked up, fat, tired or leaky. There's no room for men who want to be family oriented either. Our culture praises the family but makes no room for tangible support for families - our health insurance is gift if we've got it, two good incomes are needed these days in order to afford a home, a car, or higher education, time off or flexible schedules are hard to come by, and let's not even bring up the problem of finding positive affordable child care. Not to mention the dearth of women's health support for natural child birth, post-partum physical and mental health concerns, or breast feeding support.
The second issue I see is a reliance on corporations and medical establishments (hey look! it's the patriarchy again!) to dictate to woman what is best for us and our bodies. Do I want to be feeding my child mass produced food from a can? I eat very little mass produced food myself, why would I want that for my child? Why pay rich white men to feed my baby if I don't have to?
The third issue is that I see a negation of our physical lives in choosing cesareans and formula feeding. Some women don't want to push, or go through the scary, uncertain and messy experience of birth, some don't want to have a living creature sucking on their nipples all the time, or to deal with leaky, sticky milk. But this is what female bodies can do. Bodies are messy. Sex is messy, wet, sweaty and often not as great as we make it out to be. I think the most extreme view of this sort of world is one where we stay fit by liposuction, healthy via pills, eat our food from packets, conceive via test tubes, birth via cesarean (or skip gestating all together and have pods!), and feed babies via a bottle of mass produced formula. This is a sterile, bleak extreme, sure. And I certainly don't long for the days of yore when women died in childbirth, doctors spread disease because no one knew to wash their hands, we had to hunt down our dinner or do back-breaking work in order to survive. I do think hard work, sweat, and human touch - the mess of life- are vitally important to our lives - not as a society only, but to us as individuals. It's actually body affirming to grow and support another living being.
As a feminist shouldn't I want to be more equal to men and freed up for more of my work in the world? If I wanted less mess then I never should have gotten pregnant in the first place, nor even decided to become a mother. But the issue for feminists should never be wanting to be more like a man. Why should I capitulate to a system that at best can only begrudgingly accept my mothering body? What's most disturbing to me is the lack of support that women show one another. It's hard for me to get excited about non-natural birthing, non-breastfeeding choices. I do think those things are best. But making blanket exclusions without knowing another woman's story is silencing. In some ways it's internalizing the policing of the patriarchy. I admit I don't know how reconcile my support for women's autonomy and choice with the reality that many women will choose things that I think aren't best or at worst are the very things that the patriarchy would like them to choose.
But back to the Atlantic article. The author basically says she thinks formula feeding is best for the modern woman and ends the article saying she's going to keep breastfeeding because she'd miss the closeness from snuggling her baby so much if she were to stop. As if this form of attachment, tenderness and intimacy is something to be apologized for, a weakness. If she were a stronger woman she'd formula feed. Basically, if she was a good pawn in the patriarchy she'd formula feed.
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no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 12:08 am (UTC)More later....
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 12:40 am (UTC)Honestly, I think breast is best, but it has to be a mutual thing. There is no point in the Mom doing it if she ends up resenting her baby for it. At the end of the day, the baby is yours, (not the internetz) and it is your decision on whether to breastfeed/formula feed, just like it is your decision in every other aspect of raising the baby.
I do believe that there is a lot of pressure on women to breastfeed, but it's mainly on the internet. A lot of women get pressure from family/doctors/friends to wean, which sucks. I think that there needs to be more support everywhere for women.... and not just in breastfeeding, KWIM?
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 01:16 am (UTC)TRUE feminism, I believe, is placing equal value on things that have been traditionally feminine as well as things that have been traditionally masculine, and then allowing both men AND women the freedom to choose which personality traits, careers, hobbies, you name it, are best for THEM. Right now we've got a situation where "girls can do anything"-- play sports, fly rockets, run a company-- but heaven help them if they decide that they want to be a mother, and God forbid a stay at home mother! And in the meantime, boys who want to cook, wear pink, figure skate, or anything that is more stereotypically girly, are ridiculed.
And also? Sorry, but while there needs to be balance and the mom can't totally subvert her personhood to her child's needs, when the kid is a baby, it IS all about them. YES, a new breastfeeding mom is going to need lots of help and support, but there's no reason that that support can't be given in the form of someone else doing the laundry, cleaning the house, arranging meals, bathing and changing the baby.
I don't judge a woman I see out in public feeding a baby from a bottle. I don't know the backstory, and it's none of my business. But when I see a mom posting proudly online that she just didn't wanna breastfeed, I cringe. I do NOT think that just not wanting to do something is a legit reason not to.
I will be completely honest, I'm a little more defensive of birth interventions, and I know I'm biased after having had an emergency cesarean with Caroline. I do get really, really annoyed when I read or hear about inductions because the mom's sick of being pregnant at 38 weeks, or asking for the epi before labor kicks in, those kinds of things, and I get annoyed at doctors playing the dead baby card.
BUT....when you're in the throes of labor and there's an iffy tracing, or the baby starts moving UP instead of down, you don't have a lot of time to philosophize. It's not like breastfeeding, where giving it a little more time and effort can resolve things. The crunchiest, most AP mom I know had an emergency cesarean after a placental abruption. Birth is a 24-hour thing (on average; my labor with Caroline was 31 hours not counting the week or two of prodromal I had). Breastfeeding is a 24-month thing....or longer.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 01:41 am (UTC)I agree with this 100%. And I also think that a woman can be a feminist, can be a great mom, can choose to FF for the sake of her sanity/career and at the same time not be conforming to a man's world. It's about making our choices based on what is best for us... and I think that choosing not to BF if it is right for the family and the woman... is an okay choice
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 03:40 am (UTC)Yup - agreed!
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 03:39 am (UTC)You get it! I was a little nervous that I might some how be misconstrued, but you get it! Whee! It makes me so happy.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 01:27 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 03:44 am (UTC)And the pumping. Oh man. Pumping. *shakes head and walks away*
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 01:29 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 03:48 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 01:46 am (UTC)I agree... motherhood is not accepted and embraced in the liberal world.
I guess i just dont see formula feeding as the negation of our physical lives. and I don't see the decision to FF instead of BFing for a full 2 years as conforming to the male world. BFing is only part of being a mother. In an ideal world, there would be space for parenthood - all of it, including BFing - in the career world. And we would still be free to make an informed and WHOLE decision about what is best for our families.
Written as a woman who EBFed for 10 months, BFed for 16 months and felt both sad and liberated when J weened.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 03:52 am (UTC)no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 04:18 am (UTC)she makes it sound as if once a family chooses to ff, a woman's autonomy is not longer controlled by her offspring. as if mixing formula bottles doesn't take time and newborns no longer eat 12+ times a day when they are formula fed.
despite making a valid point about the iffy conditions of ffing vs. bfing, she never addresses either the potential benefits breastfeeding has for mothers, or, what makes utmost sense to me -- iffy studies or not -- food engineered in a science lab can not be of the came caliber as food designed by our bodies to nourish our young.
then there's the atrocious suggestion that if you BF your child, you will not work in any "meaningful way". what does she define as "meaningful"? the implication that raising a child is not a meaningful job, regardless of how you feed him/her, reeks of the capitalist mindset. you're only doing meaningful work outside the home. you must be getting paid for your time. otherwise, your time is worthless.
ugh. everything in there screams "there's no room for motherhood for the modern woman so i'm going to suggest lessening your burden, however lightly, by formula-feeding".
thanks, but no thanks.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 04:31 am (UTC)I don't feel like the author is particularly self-aware, nor all that well versed in feminism.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 02:37 pm (UTC)No one would ask a man that question.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 04:25 pm (UTC)But I agree that there is a HUGE double standard - children, child care, birthing - still only the concern of women.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 04:33 am (UTC)I hope you won't mind if an "old lady" gets in on this. My experience is over 30 years ago. -Yes, I'm probably your mothers age lol
Things have come far in those years as far as pregnancy goes. I worked in state government. We were required to take maternity leave TWO months before due date. A friend worked until the day before her delivery ( she delivered on the weekend) and tried to convince them she had delivered prematurely. I resigned when my husband was transfered and then became pregnant. My husband was suddenly reassigned to our old location. My supervisor asked me to take back my case load. The higher ups would not agree because I was pregnant. ( I was asked to work part time at another agency when I was six months pregnant and worked until two days before I delivered).
I breast fed the baby and despite the problems involved. look back at that time with affection. I loved holding him in the quiet night and feeling one with him. The problems included his lactose intolerance, including my breast milk. When this was discovered I had to switch immediately to the bottle and a very strange formula.
Every woman has to find what is right for her and her child. But women have been feeding their infants at the breast since the beginning. Our society has become more tolerant of breast feeding. Only a few years ago women were told to go into the rest room to feed their child.
We still have not solved the problem of how to be both mother and "other" at the same time. My heart goes out to women who have no choice. Work is an economic necessity. And in these times that means many women. I was a stay at home mom but it really was not the best choice for me or really for him either. I became a better mother when he went to nursery school and I could resume my career part time. I needed the stimulus that being "out there" provided. He needed the independence that being away from me gave him.
Thanks for letting me put my two cents in.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 04:54 am (UTC)I also do much better as a mother, partner, friend when I get some time away to feed other parts of myself. I love staying at home with Bennett three days a week, but I also cherish the days I have help and the weekends when I can share B with Adam. I don't feel I can relate at all to women who have never spent more than a shower's length of time away from their children.
Would you like to friend me?
ETA: I just friended you! And, I'm nearly 34, so if you are really 30 years older than me, I am beyond impressed that you are on LJ!
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 01:52 pm (UTC)I twine around Carol's list for interesting people and some interesting reading.
I'm even older than that LOL But I never tell
I will tell you that a long time ago I was a grad student in Religious Studies and taught Scripture in a Catholic college ( and no I was NOT a nun! lol) I was young and Very Blond! and had curves in all the right places. LOL! I was around your age when I had my son.
Hope you like reading me.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 02:31 pm (UTC)*Stands and applauds*
I didn't read the article. I don't have to and don't want to. I read what you wrote and you nailed it, why should I read an inferior product?
You captured the back and forth in your mind that goes on when you are a mother - your role in society, who you are, what are the expectations - all of it.
I'm saving this post.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 04:31 pm (UTC)no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 04:11 pm (UTC)I was relevied and impressed with the posts that followed. You have some very intelligent and thoughtful friends.
My perspective is skewed, obviously, by my experience. I was thrilled to read something (anything) that didn't make me feel like a total failure for FF. In any discussions with friends/family about my experience with BF, I feel burdened to explain that I tried, I found it physically and emotionally draining, and chose to switch. Even now I feel the need to explain that here, lest someone thing I just 'didn't wanna breastfeed'. What I took most from the article is the marginalization of women - regardless of their choice. BFing Moms are marginalized in their workplace (definitely), and by their friends and families (often), and sadly, sometimes by their own doctors. FFing Moms are maginalized by their peer group. I think that's the big 'fuck you' to women - regardless of the choice we make, it's never right.
One of your friends posted that "TRUE feminism, I believe, is placing equal value on things that have been traditionally feminine as well as things that have been traditionally masculine, and then allowing both men AND women the freedom to choose which personality traits, careers, hobbies, you name it, are best for THEM." and I couldn't agree more. In my family dynamic, Chris is definitely the more hands-on parent(and is probably more 'maternal', for lack of a better word, than I am), and I'm ok with that....but not everyone around me is.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 04:36 pm (UTC)YES. YES. YES. This is really my point. If a woman chooses breastfeeding some one's got an opinion on where and how they do it, how often, for how long. Breast feed until the child is 3 or 4? You're a freak. Only breast feed for 3 months? You're lazy and uncommitted. Formula feeding? Well, why aren't you a stay at home mom so you can breast feed? Or, you're already a SAHM? Well, you must be just be a bad mother. And this is only one aspect of mothering.
I am definitely the more hands on parent, but that's because I like to be in control and do things my way! Adam is BY FAR the more emotionally connected, feelings-oriented one. I'm the butch in some regards. Hee.
I'm really glad you responded.
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 07:45 pm (UTC)The things I wanted to say before and didn't have the brain power at the time include something along these lines:
1. The Atlantic is generally smug and annoying, so it is no surprise that you would find this article annoying because it's a perfect example of The Atlantic's writing. (I'm a sometime subscriber, but it still annoys me.)
2. I'm slowly starting to think that working on the basic inequity in our culture's assumptions about work/professional life is what I ought to do with myself. The breastfeeding/FF issue, the health care and daycare issues, are all wrapped up in the larger problem of the workplace being structured as if we all have wives at home picking up the slack so we can be available 24/7 to do our employer's bidding. This really hit home for me in the last week when my mom was here and we got all these house-chores done that I can never ever get done on my own--I realized it's not because I am so lazy and lame, but because I don't have a wife!
3. Are the snooty middle class women that the writer is critical of even honestly thinking of breastfeeding as a mothering issue? To me, in that context, it seems like a class status issue, for so many of the reasons you mention--it's a signifier of having employment that makes pumping possible, or of managing to stay home with your kids & rely on your spouse's income. I think I saw the Atlantic article as staying at this level of analysis, primarily--the reason the author is refuting the pro-breastfeeding popular literature is to show that the social pressures from these snooty women is really more of a class issue than an actual medical/mothering issue.
I think that's it. Now back to making all my wrong choices!
no subject
Date: 2009-03-18 09:16 pm (UTC)I think the original article was poorly written. She didn't really get into the issues that she hinted at. Disappointing.